Real Estate Operating Companies Sector Outlook — September 2026
NeuraCap's Real Estate Operating Companies sector outlook: who plays, how the market prices them, what has transacted, and what it means for owners, operators and acquirers.
Key figures
- 7.9x
- Sector median EV/Revenue
- 24.0x
- Premium end EV/Revenue vs 2.6x at the discount end
- 14
- Transactions with disclosed terms
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1 / 21 · REAL ESTATE › REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT › REAL ESTATE OPERATING COMPANIES
Executive summary
Real Estate Operating Companies span land development, diversified REITs, services platforms and adjacent models, so the public peer set does not support a single operating template. Higher forward growth is associated with higher EV / Revenue, while entitlement optionality, asset quality, recurring capital needs and balance-sheet flexibility shape the company-specific value case.
Key findings
- Faster Growth Sits With Higher Public Pricing
- Premium Names Pair Performance With Valuation; Discount Names Need a Repricing Case
- Entitlement Exposure Receives Distinct Public Pricing
- Revenue Is the Practical Forward Valuation Lens
What each page shows
The analyst’s walkthrough of the deck, page by page.
- 01
REAL ESTATE › REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT › REAL ESTATE OPERATING COMPANIES
REAL ESTATE › REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT › REAL ESTATE OPERATING COMPANIES.
Cover — Real Estate Operating Companies sector insights, September 2026. Prepared by NeuraCap AI; market data as of 2026-09-28; primary valuation basis EV / Revenue (CY2026E). The framing line carries the deck's finding with the figures stripped. 1
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REAL ESTATE › REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT › REAL ESTATE OPERATING COMPANIES Real Estate Operators: Growth Tracks Pricing The report shows where public pricing sits and which operating questions shape a more durable value case. September 2026 · Prepared by NeuraCap AI · Confidential Market data as of 2026-09-28 · primary valuation basis EV / Revenue (CY2026E) Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 1
- 02CONTENTS
What This Report Covers
What This Report Covers.
Contents — the report runs 5 numbered sections plus the appendix: the bottom line, the landscape, valuation & situations, precedent transactions, strategic implications. The Bottom Line comes first by design: a reader who stops after section 01 still leaves with the whole story. 2
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CONTENTS What This Report Covers 01 The Bottom Line Growth and Business Model Separate Public Pricing 02 The Landscape Different Real Estate Models Carry Different Value Cases 03 Valuation & Situations The Premium Sits with Faster-Growing Names 04 Precedent Transactions Precedent Transactions Require Selective Reading 05 Strategic Implications The Data Favors Durable Growth and Disciplined Capital Use 06 Appendix Comparables Detail, Methodology, Sources and Assumptions Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 2
- 0301 · THE BOTTOM LINE
Real Estate Operating Companies Split Across Land Development, REITs, Services and Adjacent Models
Real Estate Operating Companies Split Across Land Development, REITs, Services and Adjacent Models.
Real Estate Operating Companies Split Across Land Development, REITs, Services and Adjacent Models The full story on one page · figures on EV / Revenue (CY2026E), market data as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. Primary valuation basis: EV / Revenue on CY2026E consensus (10 of 14 companies eligible; multiples failing the platform's plausibility gates are excluded, never plotted). Qualitative characterisations are NeuraCap views. 3
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01 · THE BOTTOM LINE Real Estate Operating Companies Split Across Land Development, REITs, Services and Adjacent Models The full story on one page · figures on EV / Revenue (CY2026E), market data as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. Primary valuation basis: EV / Revenue on CY2026E consensus (10 of 14 companies eligible; multiples failing the platform's plausibility gates are excluded, never plotted). Qualitative characterisations are NeuraCap views. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 3 1 Faster Growth Sits with Higher Public Pricing Among the 5 faster-growing names with a forward estimate, EV / Revenue is 8.4x. The 5 slower-growing names with a forward estimate sit at 4.6x, an observed association rather than a causal result. 2 Premium Names Pair Performance with Valuation; Discount Names Need a Repricing Case The 3 premium-end names sit at 24.0x, alongside the 3 discount-end names at 2.6x. A forward multiple already credits forecast growth, so a premium that remains signals perceived durability. 3 Entitlement Exposure Receives Distinct Public Pricing On the 2 names with estimates in each group, land development and entitlement platforms sit at 18.2x while adjacent real estate services platforms sit at 1.7x. Entitlement optionality, funding needs and execution timing frame that contrast. 4 Revenue Is the Practical Forward Valuation Lens The page shows 14 approved companies, including 10 names with a forward estimate. Forward EBITDA is available for 3 of 14 companies, making EV / Revenue the broader comparison while net asset value and net operating income remain important operating cross-checks. 7.9x Sector median EV/Revenue CY2026E consensus · EV/Revenue is the lens because only 3 of 14 names carry a meaningful forward EBITDA 24.0x Premium end EV/Revenue vs 2.6x at the discount end top quartile (n=3) against bottom quartile (n=3) on EV/Revenue — the spread the report explains 14 Transactions with disclosed terms 83 recorded in this tier · 3 told as case studies, the full list in the appendix
- 04SECTION 02
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Section 02 of 06 — Different Real Estate Models Carry Different Value Cases. Asset ownership, services and entitlement exposure require distinct operating proof. Use this divider to reset the room before the section's pages; the progress dots show where the argument stands. 4
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SECTION 02 02 THE LANDSCAPE Different Real Estate Models Carry Different Value Cases Asset ownership, services and entitlement exposure require distinct operating proof. 02 of 06 Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 4
- 0502 · MARKET MAP
Value Sits Across Four Models with Different Operating Proof
Value Sits Across Four Models with Different Operating Proof.
Value Sits Across Four Models with Different Operating Proof 14 approved companies grouped by business segment · median EV / Revenue (CY2026E) per group · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. Segment grouping follows the platform's classification; group medians on rated names only. "Why it matters" lines are NeuraCap views. 5
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02 · MARKET MAP Value Sits Across Four Models with Different Operating Proof 14 approved companies grouped by business segment · median EV / Revenue (CY2026E) per group · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. Segment grouping follows the platform's classification; group medians on rated names only. "Why it matters" lines are NeuraCap views. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 5 ADJACENT: REAL ESTATE SERVICES PLATFORMS 4 cos median 1.7x OPEN FRPH SEG STHO Real estate services platforms depend on transaction flow, operating scale and the quality of recurring revenue. LAND DEVELOPMENT AND ENTITLEMENT PLATFORMS 3 cos median 18.2x HHH SKYH MAYS Land development platforms carry entitlement optionality alongside execution, timing and funding exposure. ADJACENT: DIVERSIFIED REITS 2 cos median 7.9x JBGS CTO Diversified REITs bring recurring property cash flow, lease rollover and capital allocation into the value case. ADJACENT MODELS 5 cos median 8.6x GHI IRS CLPR BEEP INTG Adjacent models span property-linked exposures that require company-specific underwriting.
- 0602 · LANDSCAPE
Different Operating Models Sit Alongside Different Public Pricing
Different Operating Models Sit Alongside Different Public Pricing.
Different Operating Models Sit Alongside Different Public Pricing Segment view of the approved universe · EV / Revenue (CY2026E) medians on rated names · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. "What they do / why it matters" is a NeuraCap view. Full company-level detail in the appendix and companion tables. 6
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02 · LANDSCAPE Different Operating Models Sit Alongside Different Public Pricing Segment view of the approved universe · EV / Revenue (CY2026E) medians on rated names · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. "What they do / why it matters" is a NeuraCap view. Full company-level detail in the appendix and companion tables. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 6 Segment n Share of universe Median EV/Revenue Names to know What they do — and why it matters Adjacent: real estate services platforms 4 29% 1.7x Opendoor Technologies Inc. (OPEN) · FRP Holdings, Inc. (FRPH) · +2 more Scale needs recurring economics. Across the 2 names with estimates, the group sits at 1.7x. Transaction exposure and operating leverage make revenue quality and cost flexibility central. Land development and entitlement platforms 3 21% 18.2x Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. (HHH) · Sky Harbour Group Corporation (SKYH) · +1 more Entitlements carry future value. Across the 2 names with estimates, the group sits at 18.2x. Development yield on cost, entitlement timing and access to capital shape how that optionality is viewed. Adjacent: diversified REITs 2 14% 7.9x JBG SMITH Properties (JBGS) · CTO Realty Growth, Inc. (CTO) Property cash flow anchors value. Across the 2 names with estimates, the group sits at 7.9x. Same-property performance, lease rollover and recurring capital expenditure remain important cross-checks. Adjacent models 5 36% 8.6x Greystone Housing Impact Investors LP (GHI) · IRSA Inversiones y Representaciones Sociedad Anónima (IRS) · +3 more Asset mix changes the lens. Across the 4 names with estimates, the group sits at 8.6x. The set calls for close attention to asset quality, contractual cash flow and the full liability structure.
- 07SECTION 03
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Section 03 of 06 — The Premium Sits with Faster-Growing Names. Forward EV / Revenue separates sharply across the public peer set. Use this divider to reset the room before the section's pages; the progress dots show where the argument stands. 7
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SECTION 03 03 VALUATION & SITUATIONS The Premium Sits with Faster-Growing Names Forward EV / Revenue separates sharply across the public peer set. 03 of 06 Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 7
- 0803 · PUBLIC MARKET VALUATION
Premium-End Names Carry a Wider Durability Case
Premium-End Names Carry a Wider Durability Case.
Premium-End Names Carry a Wider Durability Case EV / Revenue (CY2026E) · all 10 rated companies, sorted descending · sector median 7.9x · EV/Revenue is the lens because only 3 of 14 names carry a meaningful forward EBITDA · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. Primary valuation basis: EV / Revenue on CY2026E consensus (10 of 14 companies eligible; multiples failing the platform's plausibility gates are excluded, never plotted). Tier zones are NeuraCap groupings cut at the rated set's quartiles; every multiple quoted on this page is a median on the same EV / Revenue (CY2026E) basis. Panel commentary is a NeuraCap view. 8
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03 · PUBLIC MARKET VALUATION Premium-End Names Carry a Wider Durability Case EV / Revenue (CY2026E) · all 10 rated companies, sorted descending · sector median 7.9x · EV/Revenue is the lens because only 3 of 14 names carry a meaningful forward EBITDA · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. Primary valuation basis: EV / Revenue on CY2026E consensus (10 of 14 companies eligible; multiples failing the platform's plausibility gates are excluded, never plotted). Tier zones are NeuraCap groupings cut at the rated set's quartiles; every multiple quoted on this page is a median on the same EV / Revenue (CY2026E) basis. Panel commentary is a NeuraCap view. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 8 PREMIUM · median 24.0x CORE · median 7.9x DISCOUNT · median 2.6x Sector median 7.9x WHAT SEPARATES THE TWO ENDS The endpoints are far apart. The 3 premium-end names sit at 24.0x, while the 3 discount-end names sit at 2.6x. Forward pricing raises the bar. The multiple already reflects forecast revenue, so the premium end points to market confidence in durability beyond the forecast period. Operating proof remains company-specific. Asset quality, tenant demand, entitlement timing, recurring capital needs and balance-sheet flexibility can distinguish names within the same tier.
- 0903 · VALUATION DRIVERS
Faster Forward Growth Is Associated with Higher Pricing
Faster Forward Growth Is Associated with Higher Pricing.
Faster Forward Growth Is Associated with Higher Pricing Median EV / Revenue (CY2026E) by revenue-growth cohort and by EBITDA-margin cohort (each split at its covered median) · rated names with estimates · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. Cohort medians on rated names with the required estimates (faster n=5; slower n=5; higher-margin n=0; lower-margin n=0). Driver readings are NeuraCap views on the supplied data — association, not causation. 9
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03 · VALUATION DRIVERS Faster Forward Growth Is Associated with Higher Pricing Median EV / Revenue (CY2026E) by revenue-growth cohort and by EBITDA-margin cohort (each split at its covered median) · rated names with estimates · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. Cohort medians on rated names with the required estimates (faster n=5; slower n=5; higher-margin n=0; lower-margin n=0). Driver readings are NeuraCap views on the supplied data — association, not causation. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 9 EV/Revenue, median per cohort · growth split at -2% · EBITDA-margin split at n/a The Faster-Growing Half Carries the Higher Forward Multiple Among the 5 faster-growing names with a forward estimate, EV / Revenue is 8.4x, compared with 4.6x for the 5 slower-growing names with a forward estimate. Durability Matters After Forecast Growth Is Credited A forward revenue multiple already incorporates forecast growth. Tenant retention, lease rollover, development funding and recurring capital expenditure help test whether that growth can hold. Capital Discipline Can Sharpen the Operating Case Asset recycling, portfolio simplification and development pacing affect liquidity, funding capacity and exposure to execution risk.
- 1003 · SITUATION MAP
Growth and Profitability Separate Established Premiums from Repricing Cases
Growth and Profitability Separate Established Premiums from Repricing Cases.
Growth and Profitability Separate Established Premiums from Repricing Cases Cut on EV / Revenue vs the sector median (7.9x) (rows) and revenue growth vs the covered median (-2%) (columns) · observations, not recommendations Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. Situation boundaries are the cohort's own medians (Directional, NeuraCap view). This page characterises situations; it does not recommend buying or selling any security. 10
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03 · SITUATION MAP Growth and Profitability Separate Established Premiums from Repricing Cases Cut on EV / Revenue vs the sector median (7.9x) (rows) and revenue growth vs the covered median (-2%) (columns) · observations, not recommendations Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. Situation boundaries are the cohort's own medians (Directional, NeuraCap view). This page characterises situations; it does not recommend buying or selling any security. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 10 Higher Growth, Higher Pricing Above-median multiple · above-median revenue growth 4 names Greystone Housing Impact Investors LP (GHI) · CTO Realty Growth, Inc. (CTO) · Clipper Realty Inc. (CLPR) · +1 more Four of the 10 names with a forward estimate sit above the middle of the range on both measures. Their operating question is whether forecast growth can remain durable after funding and recurring capital needs. Lower Growth, Higher Pricing Above-median multiple · below-median revenue growth 1 names Mobile Infrastructure Corporation (BEEP) One of the 10 names with a forward estimate carries higher pricing alongside lower growth. Asset quality, contractual cash flow or other company-specific features may be supporting the position. Higher Growth, Lower Pricing Below-median multiple · above-median revenue growth 1 names Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. (HHH) One of the 10 names with a forward estimate combines higher growth with lower pricing. The gap points to questions around durability, capital intensity, asset mix or execution. Lower Growth, Lower Pricing Below-median multiple · below-median revenue growth 4 names JBG SMITH Properties (JBGS) · Opendoor Technologies Inc. (OPEN) · IRSA Inversiones y Representaciones Sociedad Anónima (IRS) · +1 more Four of the 10 names with a forward estimate sit below the middle of the range on both measures. A change in revenue quality, cost structure or capital allocation could alter how the market reads the group.
- 1103 · THE AGENDA
Growth and Profitability Show Where to Defend a Premium or Close a Valuation Gap
Growth and Profitability Show Where to Defend a Premium or Close a Valuation Gap.
Growth and Profitability Show Where to Defend a Premium or Close a Valuation Gap NeuraCap view · framed as the questions an owner or acquirer should resolve · observations, not recommendations Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. All content on this page is Directional — NeuraCap advisory judgment grounded in the cohort data shown earlier. It does not constitute investment advice. 11
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03 · THE AGENDA Growth and Profitability Show Where to Defend a Premium or Close a Valuation Gap NeuraCap view · framed as the questions an owner or acquirer should resolve · observations, not recommendations Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. All content on this page is Directional — NeuraCap advisory judgment grounded in the cohort data shown earlier. It does not constitute investment advice. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 11 Deepen Recurring Revenue Quality Test the mix of contractual cash flow, tenant retention and transaction-sensitive revenue. What changes the answer: A more durable revenue mix changes confidence in forward growth. Prioritize Entitled Development Exposure Compare development yield on cost and funding needs across the pipeline. What changes the answer: Entitlement progress and attractive funding improve the balance between optionality and execution risk. Recycle Capital Toward Higher-Conviction Assets Assess asset sales, joint ventures and portfolio simplification against net asset value and liquidity. What changes the answer: Private-market pricing that supports gross asset value changes the capital allocation trade-off. Protect Balance-Sheet Flexibility Test refinancing exposure, floating-rate debt and recurring capital expenditure against operating cash flow. What changes the answer: Greater funding flexibility expands the range of development and portfolio choices.
- 12SECTION 04
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Section 04 of 06 — Precedent Transactions Require Selective Reading. Asset mix, buyer fit and liability structure matter alongside disclosed pricing. Use this divider to reset the room before the section's pages; the progress dots show where the argument stands. 12
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SECTION 04 04 PRECEDENT TRANSACTIONS Precedent Transactions Require Selective Reading Asset mix, buyer fit and liability structure matter alongside disclosed pricing. 04 of 06 Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 12
- 1304 · DEAL CASE STUDIES
Transaction Pricing Spans Different Assets and Buyer Logic
Transaction Pricing Spans Different Assets and Buyer Logic.
Transaction Pricing Spans Different Assets and Buyer Logic 3 of 14 transactions with disclosed terms, told as case studies · multiples on LTM financials at announcement where disclosed · the complete list is in the appendix · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. 153 precedent record(s) carry data-quality flags (carve out target recorded as parent; deal value unit unresolved; divestiture roles reassigned); figures are shown as recorded in the filing. 69 recorded transactions with neither a disclosed value nor a multiple are omitted from the precedent list and the case studies (kept in the companion workbook). Deal multiples are LTM at announcement (Definitive, from filings); they are not directly comparable to the CY2026E public basis and no spread is claimed.
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04 · DEAL CASE STUDIES Transaction Pricing Spans Different Assets and Buyer Logic 3 of 14 transactions with disclosed terms, told as case studies · multiples on LTM financials at announcement where disclosed · the complete list is in the appendix · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. 153 precedent record(s) carry data-quality flags (carve out target recorded as parent; deal value unit unresolved; divestiture roles reassigned); figures are shown as recorded in the filing. 69 recorded transactions with neither a disclosed value nor a multiple are omitted from the precedent list and the case studies (kept in the companion workbook). Deal multiples are LTM at announcement (Definitive, from filings); they are not directly comparable to the CY2026E public basis and no spread is claimed. "Why the deal happened" is a NeuraCap read of the recorded evidence. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 13 Aug-2018 $1.3B Gravity Holdings, LLC Gravity Holdings, LLC paired scale with whole-company exposure. The Transcontinental Realty Investors… EV / LTM revenue 10.3x EV / LTM EBITDA n/a WHY THE DEAL HAPPENED The pairing suggests interest in the target's complete property and liability structure. That differs from selecting individual assets or a portfolio. HOW THE TARGET WAS VALUED The disclosed value was $1.3B at 10.3x EV / Revenue. The benchmark is most relevant where asset mix, overhead and liabilities are comparable. Jan-2025 $800M CBRE Group, Inc. CBRE Group, Inc. added Industrious National Management Company, LLC through a strategic platform… EV / LTM revenue n/a EV / LTM EBITDA n/a WHY THE DEAL HAPPENED The transaction suggests strategic fit between CBRE Group, Inc. and Industrious National Management Company, LLC. It points to value in complementary real estate operating capabilities. HOW THE TARGET WAS VALUED The disclosed value was $800M. Comparison requires attention to the target's operating model rather than property ownership alone. Apr-2017 $40M BRT Apartments Corp. acquires Vanguard Heights EV / LTM revenue n/a EV / LTM EBITDA n/a WHY THE DEAL HAPPENED The transaction is most useful as a test of how buyer capabilities align with the target's operating model. Asset mix and liability structure remain central to that reading. HOW THE TARGET WAS VALUED The valuation sits within the broader precedent transaction range. Its position is better framed by comparable asset mix and transaction perimeter than by a single endpoint.
- 14SECTION 05
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Section 05 of 06 — The Data Favors Durable Growth and Disciplined Capital Use. Owners can test where operating evidence supports a stronger position. Use this divider to reset the room before the section's pages; the progress dots show where the argument stands. 14
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SECTION 05 05 STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS The Data Favors Durable Growth and Disciplined Capital Use Owners can test where operating evidence supports a stronger position. 05 of 06 Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 14
- 1505 · STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS
Durable Growth and Capital Discipline Signal a Stronger Position
Durable Growth and Capital Discipline Signal a Stronger Position.
Durable Growth and Capital Discipline Signal a Stronger Position NeuraCap view · the questions this data puts on the table for the next twelve months Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. This page is Directional — NeuraCap views drawn from the analysis in this report. Observations, not recommendations. 15
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05 · STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS Durable Growth and Capital Discipline Signal a Stronger Position NeuraCap view · the questions this data puts on the table for the next twelve months Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. This page is Directional — NeuraCap views drawn from the analysis in this report. Observations, not recommendations. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 15 FOR OWNERS Separate Growth from Temporary Market Support The operating agenda centers on tenant demand, lease rollover, entitlement progress and revenue quality. These factors clarify whether forward growth can persist. FOR MANAGEMENT Link Capital Use to Asset-Level Returns Development pacing, asset recycling and recurring capital expenditure frame how growth translates into cash flow and balance-sheet capacity. FOR BOARDS Match the Benchmark to the Business Model Land development, diversified REITs, services platforms and adjacent models carry different operating risks. Peer selection changes the value discussion.
- 16SECTION 06
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Section 06 of 06 — The Full Universe, Methodology and Sources. Comparables detail behind every figure in the body, the valuation basis, and where each underlying disclosure lives. Use this divider to reset the room before the section's pages; the progress dots show where the argument stands. 16
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SECTION 06 06 APPENDIX The Full Universe, Methodology and Sources Comparables detail behind every figure in the body, the valuation basis, and where each underlying disclosure lives. 06 of 06 Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 16
- 1706 · PUBLIC COMPARABLES (1 OF 1)
Public Comparables on EV / Revenue (CY2026E), Grouped by Valuation Tier
Public Comparables on EV / Revenue (CY2026E), Grouped by Valuation Tier.
Public Comparables on EV / Revenue (CY2026E), Grouped by Valuation Tier Teal shading marks a EV/Revenue above the sector median (7.9x); amber marks below · 10 rated companies; 4 not rated (no eligible EV/Revenue) · tickers link to the underlying source · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. All 10 rated rows are in this appendix and in the companion workbook, which carries the complete field set. Names without an eligible multiple are listed in the companion workbook. 17
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06 · PUBLIC COMPARABLES (1 OF 1) Public Comparables on EV / Revenue (CY2026E), Grouped by Valuation Tier Teal shading marks a EV/Revenue above the sector median (7.9x); amber marks below · 10 rated companies; 4 not rated (no eligible EV/Revenue) · tickers link to the underlying source · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. All 10 rated rows are in this appendix and in the companion workbook, which carries the complete field set. Names without an eligible multiple are listed in the companion workbook. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 17 Company Ticker Segment EV EV/Revenue (CY2026E) Rev growth EBITDA margin Rule of 40 PREMIUM — ≥8.7x · median 24.0x · 3 companies Sky Harbour Group Corporation SKYH Land development and entitlement platforms $1.3B 31.5x 47% 30% 98 Greystone Housing Impact Investors LP GHI Adjacent: real estate credit and mortgage investment $2.0B 24.0x -1% n/a n/a Mobile Infrastructure Corporation BEEP Property-linked infrastructure ownership $300M 8.8x -3% 44% 57 CORE — 4.7x–8.7x · median 7.9x · 4 companies Clipper Realty Inc. CLPR Adjacent: residential REITs $1.3B 8.4x 4% n/a n/a CTO Realty Growth, Inc. CTO Adjacent: diversified REITs $1.4B 7.9x 18% n/a n/a JBG SMITH Properties JBGS Adjacent: diversified REITs $3.7B 7.8x -4% n/a n/a Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. HHH Land development and entitlement platforms $8.4B 5.0x 14% 39% 26 DISCOUNT — <4.7x · median 2.6x · 3 companies IRSA Inversiones y Representaciones Sociedad… IRS Diversified property owner-operators $1.5B 4.6x -19% n/a n/a Seaport Entertainment Group Inc. SEG Adjacent: real estate services platforms $286M 2.6x -16% n/a n/a Opendoor Technologies Inc. OPEN Adjacent: real estate services platforms $2.7B 0.7x -11% 2% 91
- 1806 · PRECEDENT TRANSACTIONS (1 OF 2)
All Precedent Transactions with Disclosed Terms, Newest First
All Precedent Transactions with Disclosed Terms, Newest First.
All Precedent Transactions with Disclosed Terms, Newest First 14 transactions with disclosed terms in this tier (83 recorded) · multiples on LTM financials at announcement where disclosed · deal values link to the underlying filing · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. 153 precedent record(s) carry data-quality flags (carve out target recorded as parent; deal value unit unresolved; divestiture roles reassigned); figures are shown as recorded in the filing. 69 recorded transactions with neither a disclosed value nor a multiple are omitted from the precedent list and the case studies (kept in the companion workbook). Deal multiples are LTM at announcement (Definitive, from filings); they are not directly comparable to the CY2026E public basis and no spread is claimed. 18
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06 · PRECEDENT TRANSACTIONS (1 OF 2) All Precedent Transactions with Disclosed Terms, Newest First 14 transactions with disclosed terms in this tier (83 recorded) · multiples on LTM financials at announcement where disclosed · deal values link to the underlying filing · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. 153 precedent record(s) carry data-quality flags (carve out target recorded as parent; deal value unit unresolved; divestiture roles reassigned); figures are shown as recorded in the filing. 69 recorded transactions with neither a disclosed value nor a multiple are omitted from the precedent list and the case studies (kept in the companion workbook). Deal multiples are LTM at announcement (Definitive, from filings); they are not directly comparable to the CY2026E public basis and no spread is claimed. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 18 Date Transaction EV EV/LTM Rev EV/LTM EBITDA Why it matters Aug-2026 Undisclosed buyer → Greystone Housing Impact Investors LP $1.2B 15.3x n/a The announced transaction for Greystone Housing Impact Investors LP records $1.2B and 15.3x EV / Revenue. The reference warrants asset- and structure-specific reading. Feb-2026 Kennedy-Wilson Holdings, Inc. → Workspace Group plc n/a 0.7x 8.8x Kennedy-Wilson Holdings, Inc. acquired Workspace Group plc at 0.7x EV / Revenue and 8.8x EV / EBITDA. The two measures offer a useful bridge between revenue scale and earnings. Feb-2026 SS&C Technologies Holdings, Inc. → Highwoods Properties, Inc. n/a n/a 11.4x SS&C Technologies Holdings, Inc. acquired Highwoods Properties, Inc. at 11.4x EV / EBITDA. The transaction adds an earnings-based reference to the broader set. Jan-2025 CBRE Group, Inc. → Industrious National Management Company, LLC $800M n/a n/a CBRE Group, Inc. announced the acquisition of Industrious National Management Company, LLC for $800M. The pairing suggests strategic value in combining complementary real estate capabilities. Aug-2022 Johnson & Johnson → Harmoni Towers n/a 5.4x n/a Johnson & Johnson announced a transaction involving Harmoni Towers at 5.4x EV / Revenue. The buyer-target pairing calls for careful attention to strategic fit. Jan-2021 Kona Bidco, LLC → Exeter Property Group n/a 0.7x 8.8x Kona Bidco, LLC announced the acquisition of Exeter Property Group at 0.7x EV / Revenue and 8.8x EV / EBITDA. The disclosed measures frame both scale and earnings. Sep-2019 Inovalon Holdings, Inc. → Loggerhead Marina Portfolio n/a n/a 16.6x Inovalon Holdings, Inc. announced a transaction involving Loggerhead Marina Portfolio at 16.6x EV / EBITDA. Asset mix and buyer fit remain important when applying the benchmark. Aug-2018 Gravity Holdings, LLC → Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. $1.3B 10.3x n/a Gravity Holdings, LLC announced the acquisition of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. for $1.3B at 10.3x EV / Revenue. The reference captures pricing for a full corporate perimeter. Dec-2017 BRT Apartments Corp. → Woodland Apartments $12M n/a n/a BRT Apartments Corp. completed the acquisition of Woodland Apartments for $12M. The transaction illustrates an asset-level reference rather than a broad corporate benchmark.
- 1906 · PRECEDENT TRANSACTIONS (2 OF 2)
All Precedent Transactions with Disclosed Terms, Newest First
All Precedent Transactions with Disclosed Terms, Newest First.
All Precedent Transactions with Disclosed Terms, Newest First 14 transactions with disclosed terms in this tier (83 recorded) · multiples on LTM financials at announcement where disclosed · deal values link to the underlying filing · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. 153 precedent record(s) carry data-quality flags (carve out target recorded as parent; deal value unit unresolved; divestiture roles reassigned); figures are shown as recorded in the filing. 69 recorded transactions with neither a disclosed value nor a multiple are omitted from the precedent list and the case studies (kept in the companion workbook). Deal multiples are LTM at announcement (Definitive, from filings); they are not directly comparable to the CY2026E public basis and no spread is claimed. 19
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06 · PRECEDENT TRANSACTIONS (2 OF 2) All Precedent Transactions with Disclosed Terms, Newest First 14 transactions with disclosed terms in this tier (83 recorded) · multiples on LTM financials at announcement where disclosed · deal values link to the underlying filing · as of 2026-09-28 Source: NeuraCap analytics platform; market data and consensus estimates as of 2026-09-28; company disclosures via SEC EDGAR where linked. 153 precedent record(s) carry data-quality flags (carve out target recorded as parent; deal value unit unresolved; divestiture roles reassigned); figures are shown as recorded in the filing. 69 recorded transactions with neither a disclosed value nor a multiple are omitted from the precedent list and the case studies (kept in the companion workbook). Deal multiples are LTM at announcement (Definitive, from filings); they are not directly comparable to the CY2026E public basis and no spread is claimed. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 19 Date Transaction EV EV/LTM Rev EV/LTM EBITDA Why it matters Dec-2017 BRT Apartments Corp. → Magnolia Pointe $18M n/a n/a Aug-2017 Undisclosed buyer → Union Pacific Corporation $98.9B 4.8x n/a Value shown as recorded in the filing; deal value unit unresolved, divestiture roles reassigned. Apr-2017 BRT Apartments Corp. → Vanguard Heights $40M n/a n/a Feb-2017 BRT Apartments Corp. → OPOP Properties $27M n/a n/a Aug-2001 Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System → Oxford Properties Group n/a 0.7x 8.8x
- 2006 · METHODOLOGY
Sources, Assumptions and Data Quality
Sources, Assumptions and Data Quality.
Sources, Assumptions and Data Quality How this report was built, what was excluded, and where every underlying disclosure lives · as of 2026-09-28 Every figure in this report links to the record it was taken from. Where a figure has no link, the appendix names its source and the basis on which it was read. 20
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06 · METHODOLOGY Sources, Assumptions and Data Quality How this report was built, what was excluded, and where every underlying disclosure lives · as of 2026-09-28 Every figure in this report links to the record it was taken from. Where a figure has no link, the appendix names its source and the basis on which it was read. Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice 20 VALUATION BASIS Primary valuation basis: EV / Revenue on CY2026E consensus (10 of 14 companies eligible; multiples failing the platform's plausibility gates are excluded, never plotted). EV / Revenue on CY2026E is the lead convention: it is the sector-appropriate prior for Real Estate Operating Companies and it clears the coverage gate with 10 of 14 companies (71%). EV / EBITDA, P / E are carried as a cross-check. A revenue lens is used rather than a profit multiple because forward EBITDA is reported for 3 of 14 companies. DATA QUALITY & EXCLUSIONS 29 records were excluded or quarantined by the platform's validation gates (unit errors, implausible ratios, ineligible securities and classification failures); the full ledger ships in the companion tables and never feeds a statistic in this report. DEFINITIVE VS DIRECTIONAL Definitive content is disclosed or consensus data passed through stated arithmetic. Directional content — tier boundaries, situation cuts, "why it matters" commentary, the agenda pages — is NeuraCap analyst judgment and is labeled as such where it appears. WHAT THIS REPORT IS NOT This report characterises a sector. It does not recommend buying, selling or holding any security, and no statement in it should be read as investment advice or a price target. WHERE THE DATA LIVES 395 registered source documents stand behind the figures in this report. Metric hyperlinks throughout the deck open the specific filing or data record; by publisher: sec.gov (394) · home.treasury.gov (1). The companion workbook beside this deck carries the complete source index.
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Higher Forward Growth Sits with Higher Pricing in This Peer Set.
Higher Forward Growth Sits with Higher Pricing in This Peer Set..
Closing — Higher Forward Growth Sits with Higher Pricing in This Peer Set. The companion tables beside this deck carry the full universe, the exclusion ledger and the complete source index for any figure a client wants to trace. 21
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Higher Forward Growth Sits with Higher Pricing in This Peer Set. NeuraCap AI — Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage September 2026 · Prepared by NeuraCap AI · Confidential Real Estate Operating Companies Coverage | September 2026 | Confidential | Not investment advice Sources & methodology 21
Sources and methodology
This report covers Real Estate Operating Companies (Real Estate › Real Estate Management and Development › Real Estate Operating Companies) with market data and consensus estimates as of September 28, 2026. The company universe is the 14 listed companies whose core business is Real Estate Operating Companies according to NeuraCap's industry classification of each company's reported business segments (a company is included only when this industry is central to what it does, not merely adjacent to it). Companies in the set: Mobile Infrastructure Corporation (BEEP), Clipper Realty Inc. (CLPR), CTO Realty Growth, Inc. (CTO), FRP Holdings, Inc. (FRPH), Greystone Housing Impact Investors LP (GHI), Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. (HHH), The InterGroup Corporation (INTG), IRSA Inversiones y Representaciones Sociedad Anónima (IRS), JBG SMITH Properties (JBGS), J.W. Mays, Inc. (MAYS), Opendoor Technologies Inc. (OPEN), Seaport Entertainment Group Inc. (SEG), Sky Harbour Group Corporation (SKYH), Star Holdings (STHO). The market map groups them by business vertical — Adjacent: real estate services platforms: 4 companies (OPEN, FRPH, SEG, STHO); Land development and entitlement platforms: 3 companies (HHH, SKYH, MAYS); Adjacent: diversified REITs: 2 companies (JBGS, CTO); Adjacent models: 5 companies (GHI, IRS, CLPR, BEEP, INTG). 10 of the 14 companies carry a valid multiple on the primary valuation basis and form the rated set behind every cohort statistic; the others are shown but do not enter the statistics.
Scope and company universe
This report covers Real Estate Operating Companies (Real Estate › Real Estate Management and Development › Real Estate Operating Companies) with market data and consensus estimates as of September 28, 2026. The company universe is the 14 listed companies whose core business is Real Estate Operating Companies according to NeuraCap's industry classification of each company's reported business segments (a company is included only when this industry is central to what it does, not merely adjacent to it). Companies in the set: Mobile Infrastructure Corporation (BEEP), Clipper Realty Inc. (CLPR), CTO Realty Growth, Inc. (CTO), FRP Holdings, Inc. (FRPH), Greystone Housing Impact Investors LP (GHI), Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. (HHH), The InterGroup Corporation (INTG), IRSA Inversiones y Representaciones Sociedad Anónima (IRS), JBG SMITH Properties (JBGS), J.W. Mays, Inc. (MAYS), Opendoor Technologies Inc. (OPEN), Seaport Entertainment Group Inc. (SEG), Sky Harbour Group Corporation (SKYH), Star Holdings (STHO). The market map groups them by business vertical — Adjacent: real estate services platforms: 4 companies (OPEN, FRPH, SEG, STHO); Land development and entitlement platforms: 3 companies (HHH, SKYH, MAYS); Adjacent: diversified REITs: 2 companies (JBGS, CTO); Adjacent models: 5 companies (GHI, IRS, CLPR, BEEP, INTG). 10 of the 14 companies carry a valid multiple on the primary valuation basis and form the rated set behind every cohort statistic; the others are shown but do not enter the statistics.
What was excluded and why
29 records failed a validation gate and never feed a statistic in this report (1 excluded from universe; 28 excluded from aggregate). Each exclusion, with its reason: BPYPP — The ticker BPYPP carries a preferred, warrant or unit suffix and the security name gives no sign of an operating company (effect: excluded from universe) · BEEP — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · BEEP — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · BEEP — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · BEEP — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · CLPR — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · CTO — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · GHI — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · INTG — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · JBGS — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · JBGS — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · JBGS — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · JBGS — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · MAYS — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · OPEN — EBITDA is non-positive; EV/EBITDA is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · OPEN — EBITDA is non-positive; EV/EBITDA is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · OPEN — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · OPEN — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · OPEN — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · OPEN — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · SEG — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · SEG — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · SEG — Non-positive EPS; P/E is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · SKYH — EBITDA is non-positive; EV/EBITDA is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · SKYH — EBITDA is non-positive; EV/EBITDA is n/m (effect: excluded from aggregate) · further items are listed in the companion tables.
Primary valuation basis and how it was chosen
Primary valuation basis: EV / Revenue on CY2026E consensus (10 of 14 companies eligible; multiples failing the platform's plausibility gates are excluded, never plotted). EV / Revenue on CY2026E is the lead convention: it is the sector-appropriate prior for Real Estate Operating Companies and it clears the coverage gate with 10 of 14 companies (71%). EV / EBITDA, P / E are carried as a cross-check. A revenue lens is used rather than a profit multiple because forward EBITDA is reported for 3 of 14 companies. The basis is selected in two steps: the industry's customary valuation conventions set the order of preference, and each convention is then tested for coverage — the share of companies with a valid, plausibility-checked multiple on the chosen period. A convention is used only when enough companies carry it; the best-covered convention is used, and disclosed, when none clears the threshold. Coverage measured for this report — EV / EBITDA: 3 of 14 companies; EV / rEVenue: 10 of 14 companies; P/E: 4 of 14 companies. Forward coverage was insufficient on the preferred basis; the cohort is presented on CY2026E. 2 companies show a non-meaningful EV / EBITDA denominator and are excluded from that statistic. 5 companies show a non-meaningful P / E denominator and are excluded from that statistic.
How the multiples and statistics are computed
Enterprise value (EV) is market capitalisation at the as-of date plus total debt minus cash and equivalents from the latest reported balance sheet, reconciled against the platform's stored value and disclosed where the two differ. Forward multiples divide EV (or the share price for P/E) by the consensus estimate for the stated calendar period; trailing multiples use the last twelve months of reported figures from SEC filings. A multiple with a negative or immaterial denominator is treated as not meaningful and excluded from every statistic. Cohort statistics are medians and quartiles over the rated set only; a group median with fewer than three observations is shown as the single company's figure and labelled as such. Valuation tiers cut the rated set at its quartiles (tiers cut at the rated set's quartiles: Premium ≥8.7x, Core 4.7x–8.7x, Discount <4.7x — NeuraCap groupings). Revenue growth compares consecutive calendar-year consensus revenue; EBITDA margin divides consensus EBITDA by consensus revenue for the same period. Figures shown in this report and the calculation behind each: 7.9x = median(ev_revenue CY2026E) (10 rated companies) · 24.0x = median(ev_revenue CY2026E) within Premium tier (n=3) · 7.9x = median(ev_revenue CY2026E) within Core tier (n=4) · 2.6x = median(ev_revenue CY2026E) within Discount tier (n=3) · 8.4x = median(ev_revenue CY2026E) | growth ≥ -2% (n=5) · 4.6x = median(ev_revenue CY2026E) | growth < -2% (n=5) · 47% = median Rule of 40 score (revenue growth + EBITDA margin) (n=4)
Precedent transactions: what is in the record and why
The precedent record holds the M&A transactions in Real Estate Operating Companies recorded from SEC filings (8-K announcements and the documents they reference), newest first, with each value and multiple linked to the exact passage in the filing that states it. 83 transactions were recorded for this industry; 14 are shown. 69 recorded transactions with neither a disclosed value nor a multiple are omitted because they say nothing about price; they remain in the companion workbook. Deal multiples are enterprise value over the target's last-twelve-month revenue or EBITDA at announcement, as disclosed; they are not restated to the public basis and no spread to the public multiples is claimed. Before a transaction reaches the record it passes a screen for mirrored or duplicate filings of the same deal, for divestitures where the filer is the seller rather than the buyer, for carve-outs recorded under the parent's name, and for values whose citation describes something other than the price paid (a debt raise, a termination fee); such records are corrected or excluded and the correction is noted. Data-quality notes on this record: 57 × deal value unit unresolved; 81 × no evidence record; 2 × duplicate precedent id; 12 × divestiture roles reassigned; 1 × carve out target recorded as parent. Case studies lead with the 3 richest stories — disclosed value, a readable multiple, newest first.
Sources
Company financials and transaction terms come from the companies' own SEC filings on EDGAR (10-K, 10-Q and 8-K documents), linked from each figure in the report. Forward figures are analyst consensus estimates for the calendar periods shown. Share prices and market capitalisations are market data as of September 28, 2026. Treasury yields are published by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. 399 source documents stand behind this report; by publisher domain: sec.gov, home.treasury.gov (1). Every figure on every page is traceable to one of these records; nothing in the report is derived from outside data.
Interpretation and important notice
Tier labels, situation maps, the agenda and the implications pages are NeuraCap analytical views drawn from the recorded evidence and are labelled as such. The report is informational: it is not investment advice, not a recommendation to buy or sell any security, not an opinion of value and not an offer of any kind. Readers should perform their own diligence before acting on anything described here.
This report is published for information only. It is not a recommendation to buy or sell any security, an offer or solicitation, an appraisal or a fairness opinion, and no fiduciary relationship is created by reading it. Multiples that fail NeuraCap’s plausibility gates are excluded and never plotted. See the full methodology and the disclaimer.
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